During the Cold War, the Soviet Navy was the world’s second-largest naval force, boasting a vast fleet of nuclear submarines, powerful surface combatants, and global blue-water capabilities. Its strategic doctrine centered on ‘asymmetric confrontation’—leveraging large numbers of nuclear submarines and anti-ship missiles to counterbalance U.S. naval superiority in aircraft carriers and sea control. In contrast, today’s Russian Navy, while inheriting part of the Soviet legacy, has significantly declined in scale, technological modernization, and power projection. Since the USSR’s dissolution, the Russian Navy has struggled with chronic underfunding, aging vessels, and slow new construction. Much of its current fleet still relies on Soviet-era ships like the Kirov-class cruisers and Oscar-class nuclear submarines. Newer vessels are mostly smaller frigates, lacking large aircraft carriers or amphibious assault ships. Moreover, Russia has far fewer overseas bases and limited global deployment and joint operational capabilities compared to the Soviet era. Overall, the Russian Navy now focuses more on coastal defense and area denial rather than global presence, reflecting a substantial gap in overall capability compared to its Soviet predecessor.
苏联海军在冷战时期曾是全球第二大海上力量，拥有庞大的核潜艇舰队、强大的水面舰艇编队以及覆盖全球的远洋作战能力。其战略核心是“非对称对抗”，即通过发展大量核潜艇和反舰导弹，抵消美国海军在航母和制海权上的优势。相比之下，当代俄罗斯海军虽继承了部分苏联遗产，但在规模、技术更新和远洋投送能力上明显衰退。苏联解体后，俄海军长期面临经费不足、舰艇老化、新舰建造缓慢等问题。目前俄海军主力仍依赖苏联时期建造的舰艇，如基洛夫级巡洋舰和奥斯卡级核潜艇，而新建造的舰艇多为中小型护卫舰，缺乏大型航母和两栖攻击舰。此外，俄海军在海外基地、全球部署和联合作战体系方面也远不如苏联时代。总体而言，俄海军更侧重近海防御和区域拒止，而非全球存在，其整体实力与苏联海军相比存在显著差距。
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