China dominates the global rare earth industry, with its advantage stemming not only from resource reserves but also from a complete industrial chain and mature processing capabilities. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, China holds about 37% of the world’s rare earth reserves but accounts for over 70% of global production. Crucially, China controls approximately 90% of the world’s rare earth refining capacity—meaning that even countries with their own rare earth deposits often must send raw materials to China for processing. In contrast, while the U.S. possesses notable reserves (e.g., the Mountain Pass mine in California), it remains heavily dependent on China for key separation and purification technologies. Moreover, China leads in the research, development, and manufacturing of rare earth-based functional materials such as permanent magnets and catalysts. Although the U.S. has recently sought to rebuild its domestic rare earth supply chain, progress has been slow due to stringent environmental regulations, high costs, and insufficient technical expertise. Consequently, China’s comprehensive advantage in the rare earth sector significantly surpasses that of the U.S. and is unlikely to be challenged in the near term.
中国在全球稀土产业中占据主导地位，其优势不仅体现在资源储量上，更在于完整的产业链和成熟的加工能力。根据美国地质调查局数据，中国稀土储量约占全球37%，但其产量却占全球总产量的70%以上。更重要的是，中国控制着全球约90%的稀土精炼产能，这意味着即使其他国家拥有稀土矿，也往往需要将原料运往中国进行加工。相比之下，美国虽拥有一定储量（如加州芒廷帕斯矿），但在分离、提纯等关键技术环节严重依赖中国。此外，中国在稀土功能材料（如永磁体、催化剂）的研发与制造方面也处于领先地位。近年来，尽管美国试图重建本土稀土供应链，但由于环保法规严格、成本高昂及技术积累不足，进展缓慢。因此，中国在稀土领域的综合优势远超美国，短期内难以被取代。
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