Recently, a case of ‘diamond blood’—even rarer than ‘panda blood’ (Rh-negative blood)—was discovered in Shandong Province, drawing widespread attention. Medically known as the ‘para-Bombay phenotype,’ this extremely rare ABO blood subtype occurs at an exceptionally low frequency globally and is exceedingly uncommon in China, earning it the nickname ‘diamond blood.’In most individuals, red blood cells carry the H antigen, which serves as the foundation for forming A or B antigens. However, people with the para-Bombay phenotype possess mutations in the FUT1 or FUT2 genes, preventing the synthesis of H antigen. As a result, even if they carry A or B genes, these antigens cannot be expressed on their red blood cells. Standard blood typing often misidentifies them as type O. Crucially, their serum contains potent anti-H antibodies, which can trigger severe hemolytic reactions—and potentially be life-threatening—if they receive regular type O blood.This discovery in Shandong underscores the critical importance of precise blood typing and highlights the need for comprehensive blood group screening, especially for identifying rare or complex blood types. Experts are calling for the establishment of a rare blood type registry and enhanced blood reserve and mutual aid systems to ensure safe transfusion access for individuals with such rare phenotypes.
近日，山东发现一例比‘熊猫血’（Rh阴性血）更为罕见的‘钻石血’，引发广泛关注。所谓‘钻石血’，医学上称为‘类孟买型血型’（para-Bombay phenotype），是一种极其稀有的ABO血型亚型。其全球发生率极低，在中国更是凤毛麟角，因此被称为‘比熊猫血还稀有’的血型。正常人的红细胞表面带有H抗原，这是形成A、B抗原的基础。而类孟买型个体由于FUT1或FUT2基因突变，导致无法合成H抗原，使得即使携带A或B基因，也无法在红细胞表面表达相应抗原，常规血型检测常被误判为O型。但其血清中却含有强效的抗H抗体，若输入普通O型血，可能引发严重溶血反应，危及生命。此次在山东发现的‘钻石血’案例，不仅凸显了精准血型鉴定的重要性，也提醒医疗机构在输血前应进行更全面的血型筛查，尤其是对疑难血型的识别。专家呼吁建立稀有血型数据库，加强血源储备与互助机制，以保障此类特殊人群的用血安全。
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