In recent years, India has often been described as a country enjoying a ‘demographic dividend’—with a rising share of working-age population (aged 15–64) that theoretically offers strong momentum for economic growth. However, this potential advantage is increasingly turning into a risk of developmental imbalance. First, despite its large labor force, there is a severe mismatch in skills. According to the World Bank, only about 5% of India’s workforce has received formal vocational training—far lower than in neighboring Asian countries like China and Vietnam. Second, youth unemployment remains stubbornly high; in 2023, the unemployment rate among those aged 15–29 exceeded 20%, highlighting a disconnect between education systems and industry needs. Moreover, gender inequality constrains female labor participation, with India’s female labor force participation rate persistently below 25%, one of the lowest among major economies. Additionally, regional disparities exacerbate uneven distribution of this demographic dividend: southern and western states benefit from services and manufacturing, while northern and eastern agrarian regions suffer from limited job opportunities. Without significant investment in education, skills development, infrastructure, and inclusive policies, India risks squandering its demographic dividend—and may even face heightened social instability.
近年来，印度常被称作拥有‘人口红利’的国家——其劳动年龄人口（15-64岁）占比持续上升，理论上可为经济增长提供强大动力。然而，这一潜在优势正逐渐演变为发展失衡的风险。首先，尽管劳动力数量庞大，但技能匹配严重不足。据世界银行数据显示，印度仅有约5%的劳动力接受过正规职业技能培训，远低于中国、越南等亚洲邻国。其次，青年失业率居高不下，2023年15-29岁人群的失业率超过20%，反映出教育体系与产业需求脱节。再者，性别不平等限制了女性劳动力参与，印度女性劳动参与率长期低于25%，在全球主要经济体中处于低位。此外，区域发展不平衡也加剧了红利分配不均，南部和西部较发达邦受益于服务业和制造业，而北部和东部农业依赖型地区则面临就业机会匮乏。若不能在教育、技能培训、基础设施和包容性政策方面加大投入，印度的人口红利恐将错失，甚至转化为社会不稳定因素。
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