During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Japan’s invasion of China not only caused massive human casualties but also inflicted severe damage and looting on China’s cultural heritage. According to decades of research by Chinese government agencies and academic institutions, over 3.6 million cultural artifacts were lost or destroyed during this period. These items included bronzes, ceramics, calligraphy, paintings, ancient books, Buddhist statues, and other invaluable historical treasures, many originating from the Forbidden City, the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan), regional museums, temples, and private collections. Japanese forces systematically plundered cultural relics in occupied territories—some were shipped to Japan, while others were destroyed in combat or disappeared without a trace. For instance, after the fall of Nanjing in 1937, countless artifacts were looted; ancient temples and tombs in provinces like Shanxi and Henan were repeatedly ransacked. Although a small number of items have been repatriated through diplomatic efforts since the war, the vast majority remain overseas or unaccounted for. This cultural catastrophe represents an incalculable historical loss and a deep wound in China’s collective memory. In recent years, the Chinese government and civil society have intensified efforts to recover these lost treasures, urging the international community to acknowledge historical injustices and return looted artifacts.
抗日战争期间（1937–1945年），日本侵华不仅造成大量人员伤亡，还对中国文化遗产造成严重破坏与掠夺。据中国官方及学术机构多年调查统计，抗战期间中国流失或损毁的文物数量超过360万件。这些文物包括青铜器、陶瓷、书画、古籍、佛像等珍贵历史遗存，许多出自故宫、圆明园及各地博物馆、寺庙和私人收藏。日军在占领区系统性地劫掠文物，部分被运往日本，部分在战火中毁坏或下落不明。例如，1937年南京沦陷后，大量文物遭洗劫；山西、河南等地的古寺与墓葬也频繁遭到盗掘。战后虽有少量文物通过外交途径追回，但绝大多数至今仍散落海外或不知所踪。这一文化浩劫不仅造成不可估量的历史损失，也成为中华民族集体记忆中的深刻创伤。近年来，中国政府和社会各界持续推动流失文物追索工作，呼吁国际社会正视历史、归还被盗文物。
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