Cuba has long struggled with food self-sufficiency due to a combination of historical, economic, and environmental factors. Following the 1959 revolution, the country adopted a highly centralized planned economy, prioritizing large-scale state-run farms and monoculture—especially sugarcane—at the expense of diversified food crop production. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 abruptly ended vital subsidies and trade partnerships, plunging Cuba into a severe economic crisis known as the ‘Special Period.’ This led to acute shortages of agricultural inputs like fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides, causing a sharp drop in food output.Although the government later promoted urban agriculture and organic farming to mitigate the crisis, these efforts have remained limited in scale and efficiency. Compounding the problem, the U.S. economic embargo—ongoing for over 60 years—has severely restricted Cuba’s access to essential agricultural imports such as machinery, seeds, and fertilizers, while also hindering its ability to export agricultural products for foreign exchange. Natural challenges, including mountainous terrain, frequent hurricanes, and soil degradation, further constrain agricultural productivity. Despite recent reforms encouraging private farming and market mechanisms, systemic inefficiencies, aging infrastructure, and chronic foreign currency shortages continue to impede progress, leaving Cuba dependent on imports for roughly 70% of its food supply.
古巴长期以来面临粮食难以自给的问题，其根源可追溯至历史、经济与自然等多重因素。首先，1959年革命后，古巴实行高度集中的计划经济，农业以大规模国有化和单一作物（如甘蔗）种植为主，导致粮食作物生产被忽视。其次，1991年苏联解体使古巴失去主要贸易伙伴和大量补贴，进入被称为“特殊时期”的严重经济危机，农业投入品（如化肥、农药、燃料）极度短缺，粮食产量骤降。尽管此后政府推动城市农业和有机耕作以缓解危机，但效率和规模仍有限。此外，美国对古巴长达60余年的经济封锁严重限制了其进口农业机械、种子、化肥等关键物资的能力，也阻碍了农产品出口创汇。同时，古巴多山的地形、频繁的飓风以及土壤退化等自然条件也制约了农业生产。近年来，尽管政府尝试改革农业政策、鼓励私营农场和市场机制，但体制僵化、基础设施老化和外汇短缺等问题依然存在，使得粮食自给率长期偏低，约70%的食品依赖进口。
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