In recent years, the U.S. federal government has frequently adopted a ‘withdrawal’ strategy in international affairs—pulling out of multilateral frameworks such as the Paris Climate Agreement, the World Health Organization (WHO), and UNESCO—drawing global attention. This unilateral approach is widely seen as a retreat from global cooperation and multilateral governance. However, while the federal government steps back, certain U.S. states, particularly California, have taken an opposite stance by actively ‘joining’ global initiatives. As the most populous and economically powerful state in the U.S., California has proactively engaged in global climate governance, clean energy partnerships, and international environmental agreements. For instance, California has independently committed to achieving carbon neutrality, established a carbon trading market with Quebec, Canada, and joined international climate coalitions like the Under2 Coalition. This dynamic—where the federal government withdraws while subnational actors step forward—highlights the tension between federal and state authority in the U.S. political system and underscores the autonomy and responsibility of local governments on global issues. California’s actions not only compensate for gaps left by federal policy but also help sustain America’s influence in global climate governance, serving as a model for subnational engagement in international affairs.
近年来，美国联邦政府在国际事务中频繁采取“退群”策略，例如退出《巴黎气候协定》、世界卫生组织（WHO）以及联合国教科文组织等多边机制，引发全球关注。这种单边主义倾向被广泛解读为对全球合作与多边治理的背离。然而，在联邦层面“退群”的同时，美国部分州尤其是加利福尼亚州却展现出截然不同的姿态。加州作为美国经济和人口第一大州，积极“入群”，主动参与全球气候治理、清洁能源合作及国际环保倡议。例如，加州不仅自行承诺实现碳中和目标，还与加拿大魁北克省建立碳交易市场，并加入“Under2 Coalition”等国际气候联盟。这种“联邦退、地方进”的现象，凸显了美国政治体系中联邦与州权的张力，也反映了地方政府在全球议题上的自主性与责任感。加州的行动不仅弥补了联邦政策的缺位，也在一定程度上维系了美国在全球气候治理中的影响力，成为次国家行为体参与全球事务的典范。
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