Since 2001, India has experienced nine outbreaks of Nipah virus (NiV), primarily in West Bengal and Kerala. Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen first identified in Malaysia in 1999, with fruit bats (Pteropodidae family) serving as its natural reservoir. Humans typically become infected through direct contact with secretions from infected animals (such as pigs or bats), consumption of contaminated food (like raw date palm sap), or close contact with infected individuals. The virus can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis, with a case fatality rate ranging from 40% to 75%. India’s first outbreak occurred in West Bengal in 2001, resulting in multiple deaths. A significant outbreak in Kerala in 2018 drew national attention, prompting swift government action—including patient isolation and contact tracing—that effectively contained the spread. Another case was reported in Kerala in 2023, underscoring the persistent public health threat posed by the virus. Currently, no specific antiviral treatment or licensed vaccine is available for humans; prevention relies on early detection, patient isolation, interrupting transmission routes, and public health education. The World Health Organization has listed Nipah virus as a priority pathogen for research and development, urging enhanced global surveillance and emergency response capabilities.
自2001年以来，印度已暴发9次尼帕病毒（Nipah virus）疫情，主要集中在西孟加拉邦和喀拉拉邦。尼帕病毒是一种人畜共患病病毒，最初于1999年在马来西亚被发现，其天然宿主为果蝠（狐蝠科）。人类通常通过直接接触受感染动物（如猪或蝙蝠）的分泌物、食用被污染的食物（如生椰枣汁）或与感染者密切接触而感染。该病毒可导致严重呼吸道疾病和脑炎，病死率高达40%至75%。印度历次疫情中，2001年西孟加拉邦首现病例，造成多人死亡；2018年喀拉拉邦暴发疫情引发全国关注，当地政府迅速采取隔离与追踪措施，有效控制了传播。2023年再次在喀拉拉邦报告新病例，凸显该病毒持续存在的公共卫生威胁。目前尚无特效药物或疫苗获批用于人类，防控主要依赖早期发现、隔离患者、切断传播途径及加强公众健康教育。世界卫生组织已将尼帕病毒列为优先研究的高危病原体之一，呼吁加强全球监测与应急响应能力。
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