Japan’s biological warfare during World War II targeted not only China but extended far beyond East Asia. Led by the infamous Unit 731, the Japanese military conducted large-scale research on biological weapons during its invasion of China, carrying out live human experiments and deploying pathogens across multiple Chinese regions, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians. However, historical evidence reveals that Japan’s biological warfare program had broader geopolitical ambitions. For instance, the Japanese military planned to use plague, cholera, and other pathogens against the Soviet Union, Southeast Asia, and even Pacific islands. Archival documents indicate that in 1942, Japan deployed plague-infected fleas along the Burma–India border in an attempt to disrupt Allied supply lines. Additionally, during the Pacific War, Japan considered using biological agents against U.S. military bases. Although these plans were never fully executed due to Japan’s rapid defeat, they demonstrate that biological warfare was part of Japan’s global wartime strategy, not limited to China. After the war, the United States secretly granted immunity to key members of Unit 731 in exchange for their research data, shielding them from prosecution at the Tokyo Trials and contributing to the long-term concealment of these war crimes. In recent years, as more archival materials have been declassified, the international community has increasingly recognized the global scope of Japan’s biological warfare and called for historical accountability and ethical reflection.
日军在二战期间实施的细菌战不仅针对中国，其影响范围远超东亚地区。以臭名昭著的731部队为代表，日本军方在侵华战争中大规模研发生物武器，并在中国多地进行活体实验和细菌投放，造成数十万平民死亡。然而，历史研究表明，日本的细菌战计划具有更广泛的地缘战略意图。例如，日军曾试图将鼠疫、霍乱等病原体用于对苏联、东南亚甚至太平洋岛屿的潜在攻击。有档案显示，1942年日军在缅甸和印度边境地区部署了携带病菌的跳蚤，意图阻断盟军补给线；此外，在太平洋战场上，日本也曾考虑对美军基地使用生物武器。尽管因战争迅速结束而未全面实施，但这些计划揭示了日本细菌战并非局限于中国战场，而是其全球性战争策略的一部分。战后，美国为获取731部队的研究数据，与部分战犯达成秘密协议，使其免于东京审判，这也导致细菌战罪行长期被掩盖。近年来，随着更多史料公开，国际社会逐渐认识到日军细菌战的全球性危害，呼吁正视历史、维护人类伦理底线。
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