Recently, international relations scholars have noted that former U.S. President Donald Trump favors a ‘C3’ approach—Control, Cooperation, and Competition—in foreign policy, rather than the Biden administration’s more comprehensive ‘C5’ framework, which includes Competition, Cooperation, Confrontation, Containment, and Engagement. Analysts argue that while Trump’s China policy was tough, it prioritized unilateral pressure and transactional diplomacy to achieve short-term gains—such as the Phase One U.S.-China trade deal. His strategy emphasized ‘control’ through tariffs and sanctions to extract concessions, while maintaining limited avenues for cooperation, like coordination on North Korea. In contrast, the C5 model reflects a more systematic, multi-dimensional strategy encompassing economic rivalry, security containment, and diplomatic engagement. Scholars suggest that if Trump returns to office, he may downplay institutionalized confrontation in favor of tangible, deal-based outcomes—a reflection of his ‘America First’ philosophy and aversion to strategic complexity. Thus, the notion that Trump ‘prefers C3 over C5’ encapsulates his pragmatic yet simplified diplomatic logic.
近日，有国际关系学者指出，美国前总统唐纳德·特朗普在对外政策上更倾向于追求‘C3’（即‘控制、合作、竞争’，Control, Cooperation, Competition），而非拜登政府所强调的‘C5’战略框架（即‘竞争、合作、对抗、遏制、接触’，Competition, Cooperation, Confrontation, Containment, Engagement）。学者认为，特朗普执政时期对华政策虽强硬，但更注重通过单边施压和交易式外交达成短期目标，例如推动中美第一阶段贸易协议。他倾向于以‘控制’为主导，通过关税、制裁等手段迫使对方让步，同时保留有限合作空间，如在朝核问题上的协调。相较之下，C5框架体现的是更系统化、多维度的战略布局，涵盖从经济竞争到安全遏制的广泛领域。学者分析，特朗普若再度执政，可能弱化制度性对抗，转而聚焦可量化的利益交换，这反映出其‘美国优先’理念下对战略复杂性的回避。因此，所谓‘更想要C3而非C5’，实质是对特朗普务实但简化外交逻辑的一种概括。
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