A will is a legal document through which a person (the testator) disposes of their personal property or makes arrangements for other matters to take effect after their death. For a will to be legally valid, it must meet both formal and substantive legal requirements. According to China’s Civil Code, the following conditions must be satisfied: First, the testator must have full civil capacity—meaning they are mentally competent and able to clearly express their true intentions. Second, the content of the will must reflect the testator’s genuine wishes, free from fraud, coercion, or undue influence. Third, the assets disposed of in the will must be legally owned by the testator. Finally, the will must comply with one of the legally recognized forms. Chinese law recognizes six types of valid wills: holographic (handwritten), dictated, printed, audio-video recorded, oral, and notarized wills. A holographic will must be entirely handwritten, signed, and dated by the testator. Dictated, printed, audio-video, and oral wills require at least two disinterested witnesses present during execution. Notably, oral wills are only valid in emergencies and must be replaced promptly with another form once the emergency ends. To minimize disputes, it is advisable to use a notarized will or seek guidance from a qualified attorney when drafting a will.
遗嘱是自然人在生前依法对其个人财产或其他事务作出死后安排的法律文书。要使遗嘱具有法律效力，必须符合法定的形式和实质要件。根据《中华人民共和国民法典》，有效的遗嘱需满足以下条件：首先，立遗嘱人必须具备完全民事行为能力，即神志清醒、能清楚表达真实意愿；其次，遗嘱内容必须是立遗嘱人的真实意思表示，不得受欺诈、胁迫等影响；再次，遗嘱处分的财产应属于立遗嘱人个人合法所有；最后，遗嘱形式必须合法。我国法律认可的遗嘱形式包括自书遗嘱、代书遗嘱、打印遗嘱、录音录像遗嘱、口头遗嘱和公证遗嘱。其中，自书遗嘱需由本人亲笔书写、签名并注明年月日；代书、打印、录音录像及口头遗嘱则需有两个以上无利害关系的见证人在场见证。特别注意，口头遗嘱仅在危急情况下有效，且危急情况解除后应尽快以其他形式重新订立。为避免纠纷，建议优先选择公证遗嘱或在专业律师指导下订立遗嘱。
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