Recently, a case of an extremely rare ‘diamond blood’ was identified in Shandong Province, drawing public attention. The term ‘diamond blood’ is not a formal medical classification but a colloquial expression used to describe exceptionally rare blood types. The specific case involves the para-Bombay phenotype, which occurs in fewer than one in a million people worldwide—making it even rarer than the so-called ‘panda blood’ (Rh-negative blood).In most individuals, red blood cells carry the H antigen, a precursor to A and B antigens. However, people with the para-Bombay phenotype have mutations in the FUT1 or FUT2 genes, preventing them from producing the H antigen. As a result, even if they carry A or B genes, their red blood cells cannot express the corresponding antigens. Standard blood typing often misidentifies them as type O. Crucially, their serum contains potent anti-H antibodies, which can trigger severe hemolytic reactions if they receive ordinary type O blood—potentially life-threatening.Therefore, individuals with this blood type must receive transfusions only from donors with the same rare phenotype or rely on autologous blood storage. Experts advise genetic testing and specialized blood typing for families with a history of such rare types to prevent transfusion risks. This discovery in Shandong not only highlights the importance of precise blood typing but also contributes valuable data to rare blood type registries.
近日，山东发现一例极为罕见的‘钻石血’，引发公众关注。所谓‘钻石血’，并非医学正式术语，而是对某些极其稀有血型的通俗称呼。此次发现的血型为类孟买血型（para-Bombay phenotype），在全球人口中出现概率低于百万分之一，比俗称的‘熊猫血’（Rh阴性血）更为罕见。普通人的红细胞表面带有H抗原，是A、B抗原的前体物质。而类孟买血型个体因FUT1或FUT2基因突变，无法合成H抗原，导致即使携带A或B基因，也无法在红细胞上表达相应抗原，常规血型检测常被误判为O型。但其血清中却含有强效抗H抗体，若输入普通O型血，可能引发严重溶血反应，危及生命。因此，类孟买血型患者输血时必须使用相同血型的血液，或自身储血以备不时之需。专家提醒，若家族中有类似血型史，应进行基因检测和专业血型鉴定，避免输血风险。此次山东病例的发现，不仅凸显了精准血型检测的重要性，也为稀有血型数据库建设提供了宝贵数据。
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