Cold waves are a common extreme weather phenomenon in China during winter, characterized by the rapid southward movement of strong cold air from high-latitude regions, leading to widespread sharp temperature drops, strong winds, and sometimes snow, ice, or freezing rain. According to China Meteorological Administration criteria, a cold wave is declared when the daily average temperature in a region drops by more than 8°C within 48 hours and the minimum temperature falls below 4°C.The impacts of cold waves in China are extensive and profound. In agriculture, sudden temperature plunges can cause frost damage to crops, particularly threatening unharvested fruits and vegetables in southern regions as well as protected cultivation facilities. Transportation systems often suffer disruptions due to icy roads, flight delays, and even rail suspensions caused by snow and ice. Energy demand surges as heating needs spike, straining electricity and natural gas supplies. Moreover, cold waves can exacerbate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions, posing additional public health risks.Although the overall frequency of cold waves has slightly decreased in recent years due to global climate change, their intensity and unpredictability remain significant—with occasional ‘extreme cold wave’ events still occurring. As a result, enhancing cold wave monitoring and early warning systems, improving emergency response protocols, and strengthening infrastructure resilience against extreme cold have become crucial measures for safeguarding societal operations and public safety.
寒潮是我国冬季常见的极端天气现象，指来自高纬度地区的强冷空气迅速南下，造成大范围剧烈降温、大风甚至雨雪冰冻的天气过程。根据中国气象局标准，若某地48小时内日平均气温下降8℃以上，且最低气温降至4℃以下，即可判定为寒潮。寒潮对我国影响广泛而深远。农业方面，急剧降温易导致农作物冻害，尤其对南方尚未收获的果蔬和设施农业构成威胁；交通领域，雨雪冰冻常引发道路结冰、航班延误甚至铁路停运；能源需求则因取暖负荷激增而大幅上升，对电力和天然气供应形成压力。此外，寒潮还可能诱发心脑血管疾病，增加公共健康风险。近年来，受全球气候变化影响，寒潮虽总体频率有所减少，但其强度和突发性并未减弱，甚至在某些年份出现“极端寒潮”事件。因此，加强寒潮监测预警、完善应急响应机制、提升基础设施抗寒能力，已成为保障社会运行与人民安全的重要举措。
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