Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus transmitted primarily by fruit bats, first identified in Malaysia in 1999. Although it can cause severe encephalitis with a case fatality rate ranging from 40% to 75%, its efficiency of human-to-human transmission is relatively low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Nipah virus spreads mainly through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals—such as saliva, urine, or respiratory secretions. Routine social interactions, including brief conversations, sharing the same room, or non-intimate physical contact, are generally insufficient for transmission. This means that in everyday settings, the risk of infection remains extremely low as long as close contact with patients or their secretions is avoided. Furthermore, there is currently no evidence that Nipah virus spreads via airborne routes over long distances. Therefore, despite its high lethality, Nipah virus has limited capacity for interpersonal spread, with secondary infections typically occurring only among household caregivers or in healthcare settings where infection control measures are inadequate. The public should remain vigilant but need not fear routine social activities.
尼帕病毒（Nipah virus）是一种由果蝠传播的高致病性人畜共患病病毒，首次于1999年在马来西亚被发现。尽管该病毒可导致严重脑炎和高达40%至75%的死亡率，但其在人际间的传播效率相对较低。世界卫生组织（WHO）指出，尼帕病毒主要通过直接接触感染者的体液（如唾液、尿液或呼吸道分泌物）传播，而一般社交接触（如短暂交谈、共处一室或非密切身体接触）通常不足以造成传播。这意味着在日常生活中，只要避免与患者密切接触或接触其分泌物，感染风险极低。此外，目前尚无证据表明尼帕病毒可通过空气远距离传播。因此，虽然尼帕病毒具有高度致命性，但其人际传播能力有限，主要在家庭照护者或医疗环境中因防护不足而发生继发感染。公众应保持警惕，但无需对普通社交活动过度担忧。
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